Anxiety Disorder

Definition

Anxiety disorder is a clinical mental health condition characterized by vague unexplained fear, worry, and physical tension about ill defined future misfortune. Anxiety disorders involve persistent, uncontrollable worry that interferes with daily functioning, relationships, and overall functioning of life.

Common types include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and specific phobias.

Causes

Anxiety disorders may be caused due to the combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Biological factors

  • Imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine
  • Genetic Vulnerability
  • Overreactive Amygdala

Psychological factors

  • Chronic Rumination
  • Low Resilience to Stress
  • Irrational fear of failure
  • Emotional dysregulation

Environmental factors

  • Traumatic life events
  • Persistent stress (work, finances, relationships)
  • Childhood abuse
  • Substance use
  • Hyperthyroidism

Symptoms of Anxiety Disorder

Some of the symptoms a person may experience:

Physical Symptoms

  • Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
  • Sweating, trembling, or shaking
  • Shortness of breath
  • Stomach discomfort or nausea
  • Muscle tension and fatigue
  • Dizziness or light-headedness

Emotional & Cognitive Symptoms

  • Persistent worry or fear
  • Hyper vigilance
  • Difficulty is Sustained attention
  • Fear of losing control
  • Irrational threat perceptions

Behavioural Symptoms

  • Avoidance of routine tasks
  • Restlessness
  • Inability to relax
  • Seeking reassurance

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done by a mental health professional using:

  • Clinical interviews to assess symptoms, triggers, and duration
  • DSM-5 or ICD-10/11 criteria
  • Screening scales such as GAD-7, HAM-A, or BAI
  • Evaluation of medical conditions that may mimic anxiety (thyroid issues, vitamin deficiencies)

                    

A diagnosis is made when symptoms persist for weeks, cause distress, and impair daily living.

Treatment

Psychotherapy

  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • Exposure Therapy
  • Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Medication           

  • May be prescribed by a psychiatrist for moderate to severe symptoms.

Lifestyle Interventions

  • Regular physical activity
  • Reducing caffeine and sugar
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Consistent sleep routine
  • Nutritious diet
  • Stop Alcohol or Substance use

Support Systems

  • Support groups
  • Psychoeducation for families
  • Structured routines
  • Focus on discipline and consistency

Living With Anxiety

Managing anxiety is a long-term process requiring discipline and consistent effort. Schedule adherence is important. Helpful strategies include:

  • Yoga and Pranayam
  • Maintaining routines
  • Using grounding techniques
  • Identifying and limiting exposure to triggers
  • Keeping a thought journal
  • Setting achievable daily goals
  • Identifying and rectifying avoidance behaviours
  • Celebrating small wins

Suggestions for Caregivers

  • Listen empathetically without dismissing their worries
  • Validate their feelings
  • Avoid excessive reassurance
  • Encourage therapy and healthy coping habits
  • Model calm behaviour
  • Help with routines and structure
  • Avoid pressuring them to face fears before ready
  • Watch for signs of worsening symptoms
  • Care for your own emotional health

FAQs

Is anxiety normal?

Yes, normal anxiety is common. It becomes a disorder when it is excessive and interferes with daily tasks.

Mild anxiety may improve, but clinical anxiety often requires treatment.

No

Yes

Not always

Yes

No

Yes. With therapy, lifestyle changes, and support, recovery is possible.